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Polar Signaling

There are two methods of Polar Signaling. They are − Polar NRZ Polar RZ Polar NRZ In this type of…

Line Codes

A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line. This process of coding…

Delta Modulation

The sampling rate of a signal should be higher than the Nyquist rate, to achieve better sampling. If this sampling…

Spread Spectrum Modulation

A collective class of signaling techniques are employed before transmitting a signal to provide a secure communication, known as the Spread…

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Definition: A multiplexing technique by which multiple data signals can be transmitted over a common communication channel in different time…

Quantization Noise and Signal-to-Noise

“The Quantization process introduces an error defined as the difference between the input signal, x(t) and the output signal, yt).…

Noise considerations in PCM Systems

Types of Quantizers

·         Uniform ·         Non uniform quantization Uniform Quantizer: In Uniform type, the quantization levels are uniformly spaced, whereasin non-uniform type the spacing between…

Differential PCM

For the samples that are highly correlated, when encoded by PCM technique, leave redundant information behind. To process this redundant…

Quantization

The digitization of analog signals involves the rounding off of the values which are approximately equal to the analog values.…

Bandwidth

We all know that most signals are transmitted in terms of electromagnetic or radio waves. As we have come across…

Noise

any communication system, during the transmission of the signal, or while receiving the signal, some unwanted signal gets introduced into…