Measurement and instrumentation 5 min read
Aggregation of Errors from Separate Measurement System Components
A measurement system often consists of several separate components, each of which is subject to errors. Therefore, what remains to…
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Measurement and instrumentation 8 min read
sources of systematic error
Systematic error (also called systematic bias) is consistent, repeatable error associated with faulty equipment or a flawed experiment design. These errors are usually caused…
Measurement and instrumentation 3 min read
Digital Instrument
Definition: The instrument which represents the measurand value in the form of the digital number is known as the digital instruments.…
Measurement and instrumentation 4 min read
Analog Instrument
Definition: The analogue instrument is defined as the instrument whose output is the continuous function of time, and they have a constant relation to the input. The physicals quantity like…
Measurement and instrumentation 2 min read
Deflection and Null type Instruments
In electrical measurement systems, there are two main principles that are employed for the purpose of Instrumentation. These are known…
Measurement and instrumentation 3 min read
Active and passive instruments
Introduction We can divide instruments into active and passive according to the consumption of power.”Active” means is that some component…
Measurement and instrumentation 14 min read
Introduction to measurement
Measurement techniques have been of immense importance ever since the start of human civilization, when measurements were first needed to…
Linear integrated circuits and applications 6 min read
Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP)
The production level CMP tool will be approximately 6 feet tall and 8 feet in diameter. It has a large…
Linear integrated circuits and applications 9 min read
Dry etching
In dry etching, chemical reaction occurs between the material on the wafer and the gases. In this method, the products…
Linear integrated circuits and applications 5 min read
Wet Etching
We saw that during deposition, it is not possible to deposit a material only in the places that we need.…
Linear integrated circuits and applications 4 min read
Diffusion- production issues
Dopant redistribution: The doped silicon is oxidized in some places, as part of the process sequence. The dopants which are present…
Linear integrated circuits and applications 4 min read
Limited source diffusion
A plot of the concentration profile (normalized with respect to Cs) , at various times, is given here. Figure 6.2.…
