Basics 7 min read
Universal Human Rights in a World of Diverse Beliefs and Practices
Human rights prescribe universal standards in areas such as security, law enforcement, equality, political participation, and education. The peoples and…
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Browse our articles in publication order, with new stories added automatically.
Basics 15 min read
Social Rights
The Universal Declaration included social (or “welfare”) rights that address matters such as education, food, and employment. Their inclusion has…
Basics 2 min read
Environmental Rights
In spite of the danger of rights inflation, there are doubtless norms that should be counted as human rights but…
Basics 4 min read
Rights of Women, Minorities, and Groups
Equality of rights for historically disadvantaged or subordinated groups is a longstanding concern of the human rights movement. Human rights…
Basics 2 min read
Civil and Political Rights
These rights are familiar from historic bills of rights such as the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the…
Basics 3 min read
Which Rights are Human Rights?
This section discusses the question of which rights belong on lists of human rights. Not every question of social justice…
Basics 5 min read
Political Conceptions of Human Rights
A political conception of human rights offers an account of what human rights are—or at least of what contemporary human…
Basics 5 min read
Human Agency as the Basis of Human Rights
A justification for human rights—whether teleological, consequentialist, deontological, or something else—should justify the main features of human rights including their…
Chemistry for Marine Engineering 1 min read
Chloride Water Treatment
Chlorides are widely distributed in nature as salts of sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), and calcium (CaCl2). Chloride in water can…
Basics 5 min read
How Can Human Rights Exist?
The most obvious way in which human rights exist is as norms of national and international law created by enactment…
Chemistry for Marine Engineering 3 min read
pH adjustment
The need for pH adjustment or neutralization of the water depends on the water source, the species farmed and the…
Basics 8 min read
The General Idea of Human Rights
This section attempts to explain the generic idea of human rights by identifying four defining features. The goal is to…
