Two-Frequency Heterodyne Interferometer
Figure 6.50 shows the commercially available two-frequency Michelson interferometer operating with a…
Refractive Index of Air
The length scale of a displacement interferometer that is operated in ambient…
Frequency Stabilization of He–Ne Lasers
The resonant frequency (and the wavelength λ) of the laser is determined…
Laser Interferometer Displacement Sensors
In the past few years, very high precision, numerically controlled machine tools…
Piezoelectric Transducers and Sensors
Piezoelectricity, discovered in Rochelle salt in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie,…
Capacitive Sensors—Displacement
Capacitive sensors are extensively used in industrial and scientific applications. They are…
Linear-Variable Inductor
There is a little distinction between variable-reluctance and variable-inductance transducers. Mathematically, the…
Resistive Displacement Sensors
Resistive displacement sensors are commonly termed potentiometers or “pots.” A pot is…
A Conceptual Basis of Measurements
Lord Kelvin’s oft-quoted statement may bear repeating here: I often say that…
