Basics 1 min read
Decoder: Decoding the Input
A decoder is a combinational logic circuit that turns one of several outputs ON (High) based on the logic of…
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Selecting Output Signals with a Multiplexer
A multiplexer is a signal switcher that selects an output signal from among multiple input signals. Its operation resembles that…
Basics 1 min read
The Significance of Fan-Out
When connecting standard logic ICs, care must be taken to avoid connecting too many ICs to a given output. With…
Basics 2 min read
Standard Logic ICs: the Foundation of Digital Circuitry
There are roughly 600 types of standard logic ICs, from basic chips to highly functional arithmetic-and-logic units. There are two…
Basics 2 min read
The Need for Clocked Circuits
Over the last two sessions, we have explained the basics of logic circuits. In our previous session, we looked at…
Basics 1 min read
Flip-Flops and SRAM
A flip-flop can store 1 bit of information: either it’s at H or it’s at L. Accordingly, SRAM can be…
Basics 2 min read
Clocked D Flip-Flop
The D flip-flop captures the value of the D input at the time of the rising edge (L→H) and/or falling…
Basics 2 min read
Why Do We Call Them ” Flip-Flops” ?
Because they flip between two stable states, in the manner of a seesaw that comes to rest on one end…
Basics 2 min read
Photolithography
In order to alter specific locations on a wafer, a photoresist layer is first applied (as described in the section…
Basics 3 min read
Deposition
In a process known as film deposition, a thin film of some substance is deposited onto the wafer by means…
Basics 2 min read
Making a base wafer
The substrate material, or base wafer, on which ICs are built is a semiconductor, such as silicon or gallium arsenide.…
Basics 1 min read
Digital design
Since digital circuits involve millions of times as many components as analog circuits, much of the design work is done…