Changes in finance
From corvée to toll Through the millennia, responsibility for financing and building roads and highways has been both a local…
From corvée to toll Through the millennia, responsibility for financing and building roads and highways has been both a local…
When urban street paving became widespread in the latter half of the 19th century, the common paving materials were hoof-sized stone blocks,…
Beginning in the 1840s, the rapid development of railroads brought the construction of lightweight Trésaguet-McAdam roads to a virtual halt.…
The Lancaster Turnpike The first engineered and planned road in the United States was the Lancaster Turnpike, a privately constructed toll road built…
The master road builders In Europe, gradual technological improvements in the 17th and 18th centuries saw increased commercial travel, improved vehicles,…
Europe and Asia At the zenith of the Roman Empire, overland trade joined the cultures of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, China, and India.…
India The Indus civilization in Sindh, Balochistān, and the Punjab probably flourished in the period 3250–2750 BC. Excavations indicate that the cities of…
The Amber Routes During the 2nd millennium BC, trade ways developed in Europe. One route, for example, ran between Italy and Spain…
Roads and highways, traveled way on which people, animals, or wheeled vehicles move. In modern usage the term road describes a rural, lesser…
Military technology, range of weapons, equipment, structures, and vehicles used specifically for the purpose of warfare. It includes the knowledge required…
Energy conversion, the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans. Over the centuries a…
Manufacturing, any industry that makes products from raw materials by the use of manual labour or machinery and that is usually carried…