UMTS
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project),…
GPRS
INTRODUCTION: General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems, 3G systems and GSM. GPRS re-use the existing GSM infrastructure.…
SECURITY
GSM offers several security services using confidential information stored in the AuC and in the individual SIM (which is plugged into an arbitrary MS). The SIM stores personal, secret data…
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where…
ROUTING
A satellite system together with gateways and fixed terrestrial networks as shown in Figure 5.1 has to route data transmissions from one user to another as any other network does.…
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
Radio transmission can take place using many different frequency bands. Each frequency band exhibits certain advantages and disadvantages. Figure gives a rough overview of the frequency spectrum that can be…
CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
The number dialed to reach a mobile subscriber (MSISDN) contains no information at all about the current location of the subscriber. In order to establish a complete connection to a…
GSM – Protocol Stack
GSM architecture is a layered model that is designed to allow communications between two different systems. The lower layers assure the services of the upper-layer protocols. Each layer passes suitable…
GSM – Architecture
A GSM network comprises of many functional units. These functions and interfaces are explained in this chapter. The GSM network can be broadly divided into: · The Mobile Station (MS) · The…
Monitoring the Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
MAIN ISSUES OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS Until now, there has been no strict definition of coastal zones. Generally, coastal zones are the transition zones between the land and the ocean .…
