Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson the student will be able to: · Explain the operation of a SONET network · Explain the function of different SONET layers · Specify…
Datagram Packet Switching Networks
This approach uses a different, more dynamic scheme, to determine the route through the network links. Each packet is treated as an independent entity, and its header contains full information…
Engine working principle of dual-fuel (DF) engines
The dual-fuel engine utilizes a “lean-burn” otto combustion process when operating on gas. Here, the gas is mixed with air before the intake valves during the air intake period. After…
Packet Switching
The basic approach is not much different from message switching. It is also based on the same ‘store-and-forward’ approach. However, to overcome the limitations of message switching, messages are divided…
Message Switching
In this switching method, a different strategy is used, where instead of establishing a dedicated physical line between the sender and the receiver, the message is sent to the nearest…
Switching Techniques: Circuit Switching
Specific Instructional Objectives At the end of this lesson the student will be able to: · Understand the need for circuit switching · Specify the components of a switched communication network · Explain…
Dual Fuel Engines
Wärtsilä dual-fuel engines The Wärtsilä dual-fuel engines are unique because they have two different injection systems. A micro pilot injection system injects a very small amount of liquid fuel when…
HDLC
Special Instructional Objectives: · On completion, the student will be able to: · Explain how High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) works · Explain how piggybacking is done in HDLC · Explain how data transparency…
Flow Control and Error Control
Special Instructional Objectives: On completion, the student will be able to: · State the need for flow and error control · Explain how Stop-and-wait flow control works · Explain how Sliding-window protocol is…
The Fifth Generation
Defining the fifth-generation computers is somewhat difficult because the field is still in its infancy. The computers of tomorrow would be characterized by Artificial Intelligence (At). An example of Al…
