Covalent Bond
Covalent bond is a chemical bonding process in which pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. The force of attraction or repulsion between two atoms, when they share electron pair or bonding…
Atomic Orbitals
An orbital is the quantum mechanical refinement of Bohr’s orbit. In contrast to his concept of a simple circular orbit with a fixed radius, orbitals are mathematically derived regions of…
What is an atom?
Atoms are building blocks. If you want to create a language, you'll need an alphabet. If you want to build molecules, you will need atoms from different elements. Elements are the alphabet in…
Protein targeting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different…
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis quite literally translates as ‘the production of new glucose’. It is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic…
The TCA Cycle
The TCA cycle is a central pathway into which many metabolites feed. It consists of a number of reactions which generate NADH and FADH₂ which can in turn be used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway…
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). The glycolysis process is a multi-step metabolic pathway that…
Difference Between Primary Metabolites and Secondary Metabolites
The metabolites which are required for the growth and maintenance of cellular function are called primary metabolites, while such metabolites which are not required for the growth and maintenance of the…
What Are Metabolic Pathways?
The term 'metabolism' comes from the Greek word metabole, which means change. It refers to the total of an organism's chemical reactions. A metabolic pathway is a series of steps found in biochemical…
Introduction to biocatalysis
Biocatalysis have many advantages over chemocatalysis in the context of green chemistry, which include mild reaction conditions (physiological pH and temperature), the use of environmentally compatible catalysts (enzymes) and solvents…
