Basics 2 min read
The Need for Clocked Circuits
Over the last two sessions, we have explained the basics of logic circuits. In our previous session, we looked at…
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Basics 1 min read
Flip-Flops and SRAM
A flip-flop can store 1 bit of information: either it’s at H or it’s at L. Accordingly, SRAM can be…
Basics 2 min read
Clocked D Flip-Flop
The D flip-flop captures the value of the D input at the time of the rising edge (L→H) and/or falling…
Basics 2 min read
Why Do We Call Them ” Flip-Flops” ?
Because they flip between two stable states, in the manner of a seesaw that comes to rest on one end…
Basics 2 min read
Photolithography
In order to alter specific locations on a wafer, a photoresist layer is first applied (as described in the section…
Basics 3 min read
Deposition
In a process known as film deposition, a thin film of some substance is deposited onto the wafer by means…
Basics 2 min read
Making a base wafer
The substrate material, or base wafer, on which ICs are built is a semiconductor, such as silicon or gallium arsenide.…
Basics 1 min read
Digital design
Since digital circuits involve millions of times as many components as analog circuits, much of the design work is done…
Basics 2 min read
Analog design
As mentioned earlier, an analog circuit takes an infinitely variable real-world voltage or current and modifies it in some useful…
Basics 2 min read
Bipolar transistors
Bipolar transistors simultaneously use holes and electrons to conduct, hence their name (from “two polarities”). Like FETs, bipolar transistors contain…
