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Basics 6 min read

EQUIPMENT

The equipment used in the levelling process comprises optical levels and graduated staffs. Basically, the optical level consists of a…

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Basics 2 min read

Bench mark (BM)

In order to make OD accessible to all users throughout the country, a series of permanent marks were established, called…

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Basics 3 min read

Vertical control

INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the various heighting procedures used to obtain the elevation of points of interest above or below…

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Basics 3 min read

Basic concept of errors

The basic concept of errors in the data captured by the surveyor may be likened to target shooting. In the…

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Basics 4 min read

Errors In Measurement

It should now be apparent that position fixing simply involves the measurement of angles and distance. However, all measurements, no…

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Basics 2 min read

Units Of Measurement

The system most commonly used for the definition of units of measurement, for example of distance and angle, is the…

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Basics 5 min read

Error and uncertainty

In surveying nothing is ever absolutely certain. The product of surveying may be thought of as being in two parts,…

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Basics 4 min read

Plotting Detail

In the past, detail would have been plotted on paper or a more stable medium such as plastic film. However,…

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Basics 3 min read

Locating Position

Establishing control networks and their subsequent computation leads to an implied rectangular coordinate system over the area surveyed. The minor…

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Basics 5 min read

Control Networks

The establishment of two- or three-dimensional control networks is the most fundamental operation in the surveying of large or small…

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