basic 2 min read
Control house layout – 2
DC Equipment Substation DC equipment located in the control house normally consists of the battery, battery charger, monitoring and control…
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basic 4 min read
Control house layout -1
Control and Relay protection Panels Most protection relaying, metering, and control equipment is mounted on fabricated control and relay panels…
basic 5 min read
Control house at HV/EHV switchyards and substations (construction, layout and functions)
Control house Nowadays, the control house is one of the main parts in every modern HV switchyard and substation. Why?…
basic 4 min read
Phase Comparison
Phase comparison relay systems monitor the current direction at each line terminal of the protected line and transmit this information…
basic 2 min read
Underreaching Transfer Trip Schemes
Underreaching transfer trip schemes include two variations: direct underreach and permissive underreach. The communications for this type of relaying are generally…
basic 5 min read
Pilot schemes for transmission line protection
When do we use pilot schemes? Pilot schemes simultaneously measure and monitor system parameters at all terminals of a transmission…
basic 2 min read
Double Breaker–Double Bus
The double breaker-double bus configuration consists of two main buses, each normally energized. Electrically connected between the buses are two circuit…
basic 2 min read
Breaker-and-a-Half
The breaker-and-a-half configuration consists of two main buses, each normally energized. Electrically connected between the buses are three circuit breakers and,…
basic 3 min read
Main and Transfer Bus
A main and transfer bus configuration consists of two independent buses, one of which, the main bus, is normally energized. Under…
basic 2 min read
Sectionalized Bus
An extension of the single bus configuration is the sectionalized bus arrangement shown in Figure 3. This arrangement is basically…
basic 4 min read
Common bus configurations in substations up to 345 kV
Comparison of bus configurations This technical article explains six most common bus configurations used for distribution, transmission, or switching substations…
