Basics 34 min read
Routing Principles
In order to transfer packets from a sending host to the destination host, the network layer must determine the path or route that the…
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Basics 16 min read
Principles of Congestion Control
In the previous sections, we’ve examined both the general principles and specific TCP mechanisms used to provide for a reliable data transfer…
Basics 40 min read
Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP
Now that we have covered the underlying principles of reliable data transfer, let’s turn to TCP – the Internet’s transport-layer, connection-oriented, reliable…
Basics 36 min read
Reliable Data Transfer
In this section, we consider the problem of reliable data transfer in a general context. This is appropriate since the…
Basics 11 min read
Connectionless Transport: UDP
The Internet makes two transport protocols available to its applications, UDP and TCP. In this section we take a close look at UDP: how…
Basics 8 min read
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Applications
In this section we discuss the multiplexing/demultiplexing of messages by the transport layer from/to the application layer. In order to…
Basics 22 min read
DNS – The Internet’s Directory Service
We human beings can be identified in many ways. For example, we can be identified by the names that appear…
Basics 36 min read
Electronic Mail in the Internet
Along with the Web, electronic mail is one of the most popular Internet applications. Just like ordinary “snail mail,” email…
Basics 6 min read
File Transfer: FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for transferring a file from one host to another host. The protocol dates back…
Basics 9 min read
Web Caches
A Web cache – also called a proxy server – is a network entity that satisfies HTTP requests on the behalf of a client. The Web…
safety precautions and watchkeeping 5 min read
Boiler Uptake Fire and Exhaust Gas Economiser Fire
Auxiliary boiler uptake or flue gases normally pass through economisers or air pre-heaters or feed water heaters. All these types…
Basics 3 min read
The Conditional GET
By storing previously retrieved objects, Web caching can reduce object-retrieval delays and diminish the amount of Web traffic sent over…
