Molecular Biology 11 min read
Structure and Function of Cellular Genomes
Genotype versus Phenotype All cellular activities are encoded within a cell’s DNA. The sequence of bases within a DNA molecule…
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Molecular Biology 1 min read
The Central Dogma
The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows…
Molecular Biology 2 min read
Packaging of DNA Helix in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Packaging in Prokaryotes: In prokaryotes like E. coli, a well-defined nucleus is absent. So, DNA (carrying negative charge) is held…
Molecular Biology 3 min read
Hoogsteen and reverse Hoogsteen base pairs
The A·U (or A·T) Hoogsteen pair is a well-known type of base pair (bp), named after the scientist who discovered…
Molecular Biology 3 min read
Franklin’s X-Ray Crystallography Experiments
Refractions & Reflections on the Nature of Science Regular substances like crystals diffract X-rays in characteristic patterns according to their physical…
Molecular Biology 1 min read
The Watson-Crick Model of DNA (1953)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is a double-stranded, helical molecule. It consists of two sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside, held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous…
Molecular Biology 2 min read
Chargaff’s Rule of Base Pairing
The rules of base pairing (or nucleotide pairing) are: This is consistent with there not being enough space (20 Å)…
Molecular Biology 2 min read
History of DNA Models
Up until James Watson and Francis Crick’s experiments, we had very little understanding of exactly what made living things look…
Molecular Biology 1 min read
DNA Strand Diagram
The below mentioned article provides a diagram of DNA strand. (a) DNA is made up of two polynucleotide chains. The…
Molecular Biology 7 min read
Secondary Structure of DNA and RNA
Secondary Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acids: Some observations made on deoxyribonucleic acids in solution suggested that DNA molecules — as they…
Molecular Biology 3 min read
What is a Phosphodiester bond?
A phospodiester bond is a covalent bond in which a phosphate group joins adjacent carbons through ester linkages. The bond…
Molecular Biology 9 min read
DNA and RNA structure: nucleic acids as genetic material
Last month, we covered the definition of molecular diagnostics (MDx) as the detection of nucleic acids to provide clinical information.…