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Basics 8 min read
Biological Molecules
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules. There are four major…
Basics 4 min read
Buffers, pH, Acids, and Bases
The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. You have probably used litmus paper, paper that…
Cell Biology 6 min read
Water
Do you ever wonder why scientists spend time looking for water on other planets? It is because water is essential…
Basics 10 min read
Chemical Bonds
How elements interact with one another depends on how their electrons are arranged and how many openings for electrons exist…
Basics 2 min read
Carbon Dating
Carbon-14 (14C) is a naturally occurring radioisotope that is created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays. This is a continuous…
Cell Biology 14 min read
Voltage-gated sodium channels
Introduction Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for action potential initiation and propagation in excitable cells, including nerve, muscle, and neuroendocrine…
Cell Biology 4 min read
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
Receptors are transmembrane proteins that enable the transfer of chemical signals from the cellular outer microenvironment into the cells, as…
Cell Biology 2 min read
Ligand-gated ion channels
Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions…
Cell Biology 1 min read
ATP-powered Pumps
ATP-powered pumps (ATPases) couple the splitting, or hydrolysis, of ATP with the movement of ions across a membrane against a…
Cell Biology 3 min read
Difference between Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
One of the fundamental difference between the plasma membrane and the cell wall is in the type of organisms that…
Cell Biology 3 min read
Cell Membranes
According to cell theory, cells are the main unit of organization in biology. Whether you are a single cell or a…