Introduction to Reactor Calculations
11.1 REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in which reactions are carried out…
11.1 REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in which reactions are carried out…
10.1 EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous solution and a third liquid…
8.1 HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchanger equipment exchanges heat between a hot and a cold fl uid, i.e., cold fl uid…
7.1 MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil is received in tanks and…
6.1 LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists of various plants and equipment…
5.1 DEFINTIONS OF PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum products. Examples of petrochemicals are plastics, rubbers, fi bres, paints,…
4.1 COMPONENTS OF FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS The use of animal fats to reduce friction and wear and tear of mechanical…
3.1 CRUDE OIL RECEIVING In a refi nery, crude oil is received and stored in a fl oating roof tank.…
2.1 CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS Crude petroleum oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon gases, methane, ethane, propane, and butane,…
1.1 COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL The compounds in crude petroleum oil are essentially hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons in which the…
FFT, PSD and spectrograms don’t need to be so complicated. Once you understand the basics they can really help with…
The vibration signature of a machine is the characteristic pattern of vibration it generates while it is in operation. It…