Petroleum Engineering 33 min read
Introduction to Miscellaneous
14.1 STARTUP Any plant operation can be divided into three types of operating steps, namely, startup, production, and shutdown. Startup…
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Instrumentation and Control in a Refi nery
13.1 CONTROL HARDWARE Modern chemical plants are automatically controlled with the objective of achieving the highest productivity with minimum human…
Petroleum Engineering 14 min read
Elements of Pipeline Transfer Facilities
12.1 PIPES AND TUBES Pipes and tubes are long cylindrical conduits (the L/D ratio of which is very large as…
Petroleum Engineering 4 min read
Introduction to Reactor Calculations
11.1 REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in which reactions are carried out…
Petroleum Engineering 8 min read
Introduction to Extraction
10.1 EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous solution and a third liquid…
Petroleum Engineering 12 min read
Heat Exchangers and Pipe-Still Furnaces
8.1 HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchanger equipment exchanges heat between a hot and a cold fl uid, i.e., cold fl uid…
Petroleum Engineering 14 min read
Introduction to Material and Energy Balances
7.1 MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil is received in tanks and…
Petroleum Engineering 23 min read
Introduction to Offsite Facilities, Power and Utilities
6.1 LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists of various plants and equipment…
Petroleum Engineering 30 min read
Petrochemicals
5.1 DEFINTIONS OF PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum products. Examples of petrochemicals are plastics, rubbers, fi bres, paints,…
Petroleum Engineering 15 min read
Introduction to Lubricating Oil and Grease
4.1 COMPONENTS OF FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS The use of animal fats to reduce friction and wear and tear of mechanical…
Petroleum Engineering 40 min read
Introduction to Processing Operations in a Petroleum Refinery
3.1 CRUDE OIL RECEIVING In a refi nery, crude oil is received and stored in a fl oating roof tank.…
Petroleum Engineering 33 min read
Introduction to Crude Petroleum Oil
1.1 COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL The compounds in crude petroleum oil are essentially hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons in which the…