Basics 4 min read
Distance measurement
Distance is one of the fundamental measurements in surveying. Although frequently measured as a spatial distance (sloping distance) in three-dimensional…
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Bench mark (BM)
In order to make OD accessible to all users throughout the country, a series of permanent marks were established, called…
Basics 3 min read
Vertical control
INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the various heighting procedures used to obtain the elevation of points of interest above or below…
Basics 3 min read
Basic concept of errors
The basic concept of errors in the data captured by the surveyor may be likened to target shooting. In the…
Basics 4 min read
Errors In Measurement
It should now be apparent that position fixing simply involves the measurement of angles and distance. However, all measurements, no…
Basics 2 min read
Units Of Measurement
The system most commonly used for the definition of units of measurement, for example of distance and angle, is the…
Basics 5 min read
Error and uncertainty
In surveying nothing is ever absolutely certain. The product of surveying may be thought of as being in two parts,…
Basics 4 min read
Plotting Detail
In the past, detail would have been plotted on paper or a more stable medium such as plastic film. However,…
Basics 3 min read
Locating Position
Establishing control networks and their subsequent computation leads to an implied rectangular coordinate system over the area surveyed. The minor…
Basics 5 min read
Control Networks
The establishment of two- or three-dimensional control networks is the most fundamental operation in the surveying of large or small…
Basics 3 min read
Methods of Levelling
Method 1 : It is done with only one setting of the instrument. · Method 2: When the two station points…