Material Science 3 min read
Sintering
Sintering, the welding together of small particles of metal by applying heat below the melting point. The process may be used in steel manufacturing—to form…
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Synthetic diamond
Synthetic diamond, man-made diamond that is usually produced by subjecting graphite to very high temperatures and pressures. Synthetic diamond resembles natural diamond in most fundamental properties,…
Material Science 2 min read
Fracture
Fracture, in mineralogy, appearance of a surface broken in directions other than along cleavage planes. There are several kinds of fractures:…
Material Science 6 min read
Cleavage
Cleavage, tendency of a crystalline substance to split into fragments bounded by plane surfaces. Although cleavage surfaces are seldom as flat as…
Material Science 3 min read
Intelligent design
Intelligent design (ID), argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created in more or less their present forms by…
Material Science 2 min read
Intermetallic compound
Intermetallic compound, any of a class of substances composed of definite proportions of two or more elemental metals, rather than…
Material Science 4 min read
Silicon carbide
Silicon carbide, exceedingly hard, synthetically produced crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. Its chemical formula is SiC. Since the late 19th century silicon carbide has…
Material Science 6 min read
Ductility
Ductility, Capacity of a material to deform permanently (e.g., stretch, bend, or spread) in response to stress. Most common steels, for example,…
Material Science 5 min read
Phosphorus
Phosphorus (P), nonmetallic chemical element of the nitrogen family (Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table) that at room temperature is a colourless, semitransparent, soft,…
Material Science 5 min read
Silicon
(Group 14 [IVa] of the periodic table). Silicon makes up 27.7 percent of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant…
Material Science 7 min read
The Metal
Hot metal (blast-furnace iron) Most blast furnaces are linked to a basic oxygen steel plant, for which the hot metal typically contains 4 to 4.5…
Material Science 2 min read
Cast iron
Cast iron, an alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus.…