Introduction to the Body’s Systems
Figure 11.1 An arctic fox is a complex animal, well adapted to its environment. (credit: Keith Morehouse, USFWS) The arctic fox, a complex animal that has adapted to its environment,…
Proteomics
Proteins are the final products of genes that perform the function encoded by the gene. Proteins are composed of amino acids and play important roles in the cell. All enzymes…
Genomics in Forensic Analysis & Agriculture
Genomics in Forensic Analysis Information and clues obtained from DNA samples found at crime scenes have been used as evidence in court cases, and genetic markers have been used in…
Metagenomics
Traditionally, microbiology has been taught with the view that microorganisms are best studied under pure culture conditions, which involves isolating a single type of cell and culturing it in the…
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics involves evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drugs on the basis of information from an individual’s genomic sequence. Personal genome sequence information can be used to prescribe medications that…
Whole Genome Sequencing
Although there have been significant advances in the medical sciences in recent years, doctors are still confounded by many diseases and researchers are using whole genome sequencing to get to…
Genomics and Proteomics
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics…
Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones
Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system. Modern techniques use specific genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors and mass-produced in…
How Electricity is Generated
First Law of Thermodynamics How to generate electricity? What are the different methods of generating electricity? The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy,…
Software Programming
In order to make a computer functional, a set of instructions need to be programmed, as these programmed languages are carriers to the performance of a task. Likewise, a computer…
