3 Reasons Team Members Disengage and How to Overcome Them
Project management is often defined as managing the scope, cost and schedule of a project. What many forget is that the triple constraints aren’t what facilitate projects to completion. It…
Single Line Diagram of 11kV Substation
Substation provides the energy supply for the local area in which the line is located. The main function of the substation is to collect the energy transmitted at high voltage…
Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes. Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention…
Genetic Engineering
Using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism’s DNA to achieve desirable traits is called genetic engineering. Addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors that are…
Cloning
In general, cloning means the creation of a perfect replica. Typically, the word is used to describe the creation of a genetically identical copy. In biology, the re-creation of a…
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA analysis often requires focusing on one or more specific regions of the genome. It also frequently involves situations in which only one or a few copies of a DNA…
Gel Electrophoresis
Because nucleic acids are negatively charged ions at neutral or alkaline pH in an aqueous environment, they can be moved by an electric field. Gel electrophoresis is a technique used…
Manipulating Genetic Material
To accomplish the applications described above, biotechnologists must be able to extract, manipulate, and analyze nucleic acids. Review of Nucleic Acid Structure To understand the basic techniques used to work…
Introduction to Biotechnology
Figure 10.1 (a) A thermal cycler, such as the one shown here, is a basic tool used to study DNA in a process called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The…
Alternative RNA Splicing
In the 1970s, genes were first observed that exhibited alternative RNA splicing. Alternative RNA splicing is a mechanism that allows different protein products to be produced from one gene when…
