Analog & Digital Communication 4 min read
Entropy, Source Encoding Theorem
Source encoding theorem The discrete memory less source of entropy H(X), the average code word length (L) for any distortion less…
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Analog & Digital Communication 3 min read
Pulse Communication
PAM Modulator The amplitude of a carrier pulse is altered in accordance to that of amplitude of message signal to…
Analog & Digital Communication 1 min read
Error Detection and Correction Techniques
Different Types Of Error Detection Techniques: a. Redundancy b. Echoplex c. Exact count encoding d. Parity e. Check sum f. Vertical Redundancy Check g. Horizontal Redundancy Check…
Analog & Digital Communication 4 min read
Data Communication Circuits, Data Communication Codes
When the modulation index is less than 1, the angle modulated systems are called low index. The bandwidth requirement of…
Analog & Digital Communication 3 min read
History of Data Communications
Though data communication may seem a relatively new innovation, the history of data connections dates to the early 19th century.…
Analog & Digital Communication 3 min read
Pulse Code Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous values of…
Uncategorized 6 min read
QAM Formats: 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM
QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation provides some significant benefits for data transmission. As 16QAM transitions to 64QAM, 64QAM to 256 QAM…
Analog & Digital Communication 2 min read
QAM Theory and Formulas
The basic QAM theory aims to express the operation of QAM, quadrature amplitude modulation using some mathematical formulae. Fortunately it…
Analog & Digital Communication 6 min read
What is QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM utilises both amplitude and phase components to provide a form of modulation that is able to…
Analog & Digital Communication 2 min read
Differential Phase Shift Keying
In Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSKDPSK the phase of the modulated signal is shifted relative to the previous signal element. No reference signal…