Surveying 4 min read
TOTAL STATION
It is combination of EDM instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage…
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Surveying 3 min read
ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different lengths. The spectrum of an electromagnetic wave Among…
Surveying 1 min read
Measurement of Vertical Angle
Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +ve angles and angle of depression as…
Surveying 3 min read
Use of Theodolite
Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the theodolite should be centered on the desired station point, levelled…
Surveying 4 min read
Parts of a Vernier Theodolite
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of such theodolite. Main parts of…
Surveying 1 min read
Modern Tools of Surveying
Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure both horizontal and vertical angles. If telescope is…
Surveying 3 min read
TYPES OF DIRECT LEVELLING
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling (ii) Differential levelling (iii) Fly levelling (iv) Profile levelling…
Surveying 2 min read
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A LEVEL
The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments. The following three adjustments are…
Surveying 2 min read
TERMS USED IN DIRECT METHOD OF LEVELLING
The following terms are used in direct method of levelling: (i) Plane of Collimation: It is the reduced level of plane…
Surveying 2 min read
METHODS OF LEVELLING
The following methods are used to determine the difference in elevation of various points: (i) Barometric levelling (ii) Hypsometric levelling…