Surveying 1 min read
OBJECT AND USES OF SURVEYING
As stated in the definition, object of surveying is to show relative positions of various objects of an area on…
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Surveying 1 min read
Introduction to Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or beneath the ground to show theirrelative positions on paper. The…
Surveying 1 min read
Measuring Principles
Although there are many EDM instruments available, there are basically only two methods of measurement employed, namely the pulse method…
Surveying 4 min read
Field surveying
Introduction This chapter is designed to introduce you to the various surveying techniques used to obtain the original field data…
Surveying 2 min read
Distance Adjustment
To eliminate or minimize the systematic errors of taping, it is necessary to adjust each measured bay to its final…
Surveying 4 min read
Distance measurement
Distance is one of the fundamental measurements in surveying. Although frequently measured as a spatial distance (sloping distance) in three-dimensional…
Surveying 2 min read
Bench mark (BM)
In order to make OD accessible to all users throughout the country, a series of permanent marks were established, called…
Surveying 3 min read
Vertical control
INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the various heighting procedures used to obtain the elevation of points of interest above or below…
Surveying 3 min read
Basic concept of errors
The basic concept of errors in the data captured by the surveyor may be likened to target shooting. In the…