Parallel and Sequential Reactions
Parallel or Competing Reaction The reactions in which a substance reacts or decomposes in more than one way are called parallel or side reactions. If we assume that both of…
Theories Of Reaction Rates
Two different theoretical approaches to chemical kinetics have led to an understanding of the details of how elementary chemical reactions occur. Both of these are based on the idea of potential-energy surfaces, which are…
Composite Reaction Mechanisms
Various lines of evidence are used to determine if a reaction occurs in more than one step. Suppose that the kinetic equation for the reaction does not correspond to the…
Chemical reactors
The reactors, in which chemicals are made in industry, vary in size from a few cm3 to the vast structures that are often depicted in photographs of industrial plants. For example,…
Plug flow reactor model
The plug flow reactor model (PFR, sometimes called continuous tubular reactor, CTR, or piston flow reactors) is a model used to describe chemical reactions in continuous, flowing systems of cylindrical geometry. The PFR model is used to…
TYPES OF BIOREACTORS
STIRRED TANK FERMENTER Microbial fermentations received prominence during 1940's namely for the production of life saving antibiotics. Stirred tank reactor is the choice for many (more than 70%) though it…
STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
In a reversible reaction, both forward and backward reactions take place simultaneously. When the rate of the forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of backward reaction, then no more…
RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
So far we discussed various types of chemical reactions and the nature of the reactants and products. Let us consider the following reactions: · Rusting of iron · Digestion of food · Burning…
Classification based on the direction of the reaction
You know that innumerable changes occur every day around us. Are all they permanent? For example, liquid water freezes into ice, but then ice melts into liquid water. In other…
Classification based on the nature of rearrangements of atoms
So far you studied about a chemical reaction and how it can be described as a chemical equation. A large number of chemical reactions are taking place around us every…
