Bioorganic Chemistry 2 min read
Acetal Formation
Introduction It has been demonstrated that water adds rapidly to the carbonyl function of aldehydes and ketones to form geminal-diol.…
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Bioorganic Chemistry 2 min read
Definition of Steric Effect
In general, the steric effect refers from the fact that the atoms composing molecules occupy some degree of space, and when atoms…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
What is a Nucleophile?
Nucleophiles are basically electron rich species which have the ability to donate electron pairs, as discussed earlier. Because of this electron pair…
Bioorganic Chemistry 9 min read
Nucleophilic Substitution, SN2, SN1
Let’s begin by recalling a couple of reactions which occur with alkyl halides, but only work well when the alkyl…
Bioorganic Chemistry 10 min read
The peptide bond and primary structure of proteins
The primary structure of a protein is defined as the sequence of amino acids of which it is composed. This sequence ultimately…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Optical Activity
Optical activity is the ability of a chiral molecule to rotate the plane of plane-polairsed light, measured using a polarimeter. A simple…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
Previously, constitutional isomers were defined as molecules that had the same molecular formula, but different atom connectivity. In this section,…
Bioorganic Chemistry 2 min read
Conformations of Ethane and Butane
Conformational Isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism where interconversions of isomers are possible by rotations referring to single bonds. These…
Bioorganic Chemistry 2 min read
sp3 Hybridization
The term “sp3 hybridization” refers to the mixing character of one 2s-orbital and three 2p-orbitals to create four hybrid orbitals with…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Lewis Acid/Base Mnemonic
Think of Lewis as ‘lectrons’ Lewis Acid A Lewis acid refers to an atom or molecule that accepts an electron…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry Bases in Organic Chemistry
Categories of Acids and Bases Before we dive in, be sure to download my FREE acid/base cheat sheet to follow…
Bioorganic Chemistry 2 min read
The Difference Between the Formal and Actual Charge
Now, I’ve mentioned earlier that there’s a difference between the formal and the actual charge. Formal charge is a bookkeeping tool that…