Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Coupled Reactions
Two or more reactions in a cell sometimes can be coupled so that thermodynamically unfavorable reactions and favorable reactions are…
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Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states that the universe (i.e. all systems) tend to the greatest degree of randomization. This…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
First Law of Thermodynamics
Stated simply; The total energy of the universe does not change. This does not mean that the form of the…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
Kinetic Isotope Effects
The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is a phenomenon associated with isotopically substituted molecules exhibiting different reaction rates. Isotope effects such as KIEs are…
Bioorganic Chemistry 5 min read
Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Products
Kinetic products form the fastest. They usually occur at or below 0°C. This is also known as the 1,2-adduct because…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
The Principle of Microscopic Reversibility
The principle of microscopic reversibility applies to any molecular process; it is inferred from the fact that such processes can…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Definition of a Reaction Intermediate
What exactly is a reaction intermediate? A reaction intermediate is formed from the reactants in a chemical reaction, and reacts further to…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
Transition state
The transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate. It is defined as the state corresponding to the highest…
Bioorganic Chemistry 1 min read
Ester Enolates
we introduced the enolates of aldehydes and ketones (review) and looked at their reactions as C nucleophiles (review). These enolates were formed…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Acid-Catalyzed Ester Hydrolysis
Water the Destroyer Imagine that water, the stuff you drink everyday, is actually a superhero with a cape, bulging muscles,…
Bioorganic Chemistry 2 min read
Reaction with Primary Amines to form Imines
The reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia or 1º-amines forms imine derivatives, also known as Schiff bases (compounds having a C=N…
Bioorganic Chemistry 6 min read
Nomenclature of Aldehydes & Ketones
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. They are often called the…