Category: Control Engineering.

State Space Model

The state space model of Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system can be represented as, ˙X=AX+BU Y=CX+DU The first and the second equations are…

Control Systems – Controllers

The various types of controllers are used to improve the performance of control systems. In this chapter, we will discuss…

Compensators

here are three types of compensators — lag, lead and lag-lead compensators. These are most commonly used. Lag Compensator The…

Nyquist Plots

Nyquist plots are the continuation of polar plots for finding the stability of the closed loop control systems by varying…

Polar Plots

we have two separate plots for both magnitude and phase as the function of frequency. Let us now discuss about…

Construction of Bode Plots

Rules for Construction of Bode Plots Follow these rules while constructing a Bode plot. ·        Represent the open loop transfer function…

Bode Plots

The following figure shows the corresponding Bode plot.

Construction of Root Locus

The root locus is a graphical representation in s-domain and it is symmetrical about the real axis. Because the open loop poles…

Root Locus

Hence, we can identify the nature of the control system. In this technique, we will use an open loop transfer…

The Routh-Hurwitz criterion

Steady State Errors

Where, R(s) is the Laplace transform of the reference Input signal r(t)r(t) C(s) is the Laplace transform of the output signal c(t)c(t)…

Response of Second Order System