General Concepts 9 min read
Resistive Displacement Sensors
Resistive displacement sensors are commonly termed potentiometers or “pots.” A pot is an electromechanical device containing an electrically conductive wiper…
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Multiplication Factors
Since it is inconvenient to use whole units in many cases, a set of multiplication factors has been defined that…
General Concepts 4 min read
A Conceptual Basis of Measurements
Lord Kelvin’s oft-quoted statement may bear repeating here: I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking…
General Concepts 7 min read
Measurement Standards
A Historical Perspective Many early standards were based on the human body: the length of man’s hand, the width of…
General Concepts 5 min read
Measurement Uncertainty Model
Purpose One needs an estimate of the uncertainty of test results to make informed decisions. Ideally, the uncertainty of a…
General Concepts 3 min read
Measurement Accuracy
Error: The Normal Distribution and the Uniform Distribution Error is defined as the difference between the measured value and the…
General Concepts 3 min read
Calibration of Measurements
We have already introduced the concept of accuracy in making a measurement and how the uncertainty inherent in all measurements…
General Concepts 7 min read
Dynamic Characteristics of Instrument Systems
Dealing with Dynamic States Measurement outcomes are rarely static over time. They will possess a dynamic component that must be…
General Concepts 9 min read
Static Characteristics of Instrument Systems
Output/Input Relationship Instrument systems are usually built up from a serial linkage of distinguishable building blocks. The actual physical assembly…
General Concepts 8 min read
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Instrumentation
Before we can begin to develop an understanding of the static and time changing characteristics of measurements, it is necessary…
General Concepts 9 min read
Operational Modes of Instrumentation
The null method is one possible mode of operation for a measuring instrument. A null instrument uses the null method…
General Concepts 6 min read
Simple Instrument Model
Figure 1.1 presents a generalized model of a simple instrument. The physical process to be measured is in the left…