General Concepts 6 min read
Hydrotreating
The objective of the Hydrotreating prococess is to remove suplur as well as other unwanted compunds, e.g. unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen…
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Refining
Distillation is the first step in the processing of crude oil and it takes place in a tall steel tower…
General Concepts 1 min read
Common Symbols Used in Water Treatment
CATIONS ANIONS Calcium, Ca++ Nitrate, NO3– Magnesium, Mg++ Chloride, Cl– Iron, Fe++ Sulfate, SO4– Manganese, Mn++ Bicarbonate, HCO3– Sodium, Na+…
General Concepts 1 min read
Reduced Salt Setting Conventional Softeners
Reduced salt dosage, 6 pounds per cubic foot of resin versus maximum salt dosage, 15 pounds per cubic foot of…
General Concepts 1 min read
Sizing Conventional Water Softeners
Assume 60 gallons of water per day per person (natural average) if iron is present: multiply ppm x 2 and…
General Concepts 1 min read
Reverse Osmosis
R.O. is a process of forcing water, by pressure, through a membrane (plastic) with microscopic pores which will separate the…
General Concepts 5 min read
Water Problems and Treatment
Frequently several minerals are involved in a given water problem. Hardness Water hardness above 5 grains is considered for treatment.…
General Concepts 1 min read
Alkalinity
Sometimes confused with pH, has nothing to do with pH level. Alkalinity is due to the presence of bicarbonate, carbonate,…
General Concepts 1 min read
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Total dissolved solids as reported on an analysis are the total of all minerals dissolved in the water. TDS levels…
General Concepts 1 min read
Ionization
Minerals dissolved in water are present as ions. Ions have an electrical charge; either positive or negative. Ion exchange resins…
General Concepts 1 min read
Water Chemistry and Treatment
Water is a natural solvent. Rain water is acidic due to carbon dioxide picked up in the atmosphere. Water and…
General Concepts 2 min read
Deaerators for Boilers
Removing dissolved oxygen from boiler feed water is absolutely necessary to protect your boiler equipment from severe corrosion. But the…