Category: General Concepts.

When Do We Use a Rupture Disk-Relief Valve Combination?

Rupture disks are often used in combination with and installed just upstream and/or just downstream of a relief valve.  You…

Cost Comparison Between Comparable Stand-Alone Rupture Disk and Relief Valve

Rupture disk manufacturers burst at least two disks per lot before shipping them to a customer. As a consequence even…

Rupture Disks

Why Do We Use a Stand-Alone Rupture Disk? A rupture disk is just another pressure relieving device. It is used…

New Drug Application (NDA)

After all of the clinical trials mentioned above are completed, then the company analyzes the data and files an NDA…

Clinical Trials, Phase I, II, & III

After the IND has not been disapproved within 30 days, then the next phase of testing begins, which is the…

Investigational New Drug Application (IND)

After the above preclinical testing is completed the company then files an IND with the FDA to begin testing the…

Developing a New Drug

The purpose of this article is to look at how drugs are developed today in the modern world and how…

Fermentation – Turning Grape Juice into Alcohol

Grape juice is turned into alcohol by the process of “fermentation.” Grapes on the vine are covered with yeast, mold…

Operations in a Winery

How is Wine Made?

Growing Grapes Grapes grow on vines. There are many different types of grapes, but the best wine grape is the…

Wine Making

What is Wine? There are red wines, pink wines (also known as “rose” or some-times “blush”) and white wines. Red…

The Fixing Process

Once the developed image is obtained, a large amount of unexposed and undeveloped silver halide remains in the emulsion. If…