General Concepts 4 min read
Limes
These are made principally of calcium oxide (CaO), occurring naturally in limestone, marble, chalk, coral, and shell. For building purposes,…
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Building Materials
This section describes the basic materials used in building construction and discusses their common applications. As the world’s population increases…
General Concepts 6 min read
Lightning Protection
Lightning, a high-voltage, high-current electrical discharge between clouds and the ground, may strike and destroy life and property anywhere thunderstorms…
General Concepts 33 min read
Protection Against Water
Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the interior by a heavy rain, leaking from…
General Concepts 7 min read
Protection Against Earthquakes
Buildings should be designed to withstand minor earthquakes without damage, because they may occur almost everywhere. For major earthquakes, it…
General Concepts 15 min read
Wind Protection
For practical design, wind and earthquakes may be treated as horizontal, or lateral, loads. Although wind and seismic loads may…
General Concepts 5 min read
Protection Against Hazards
A hazard poses the threat that an unwanted event, possibly a catastrophe, may occur. Risk is the probability that the…
General Concepts 3 min read
Professional Ethics
The American Institute of Architects has formulated the following basic principles for guidance of architects: Advice and counsel constitute the…
General Concepts 8 min read
Role Of Architect Or Engineer During Construction
After award of the construction contract, the architect or engineer generally continues to assist the client in relations with the…
General Concepts 2 min read
Quality Control for Architects And Engineers
To maintain a consistently high level of quality in design and construction documentation, a rigorous internal review of the documents…
General Concepts 8 min read
Technical Specifications
Specifications for a building project are written descriptions, and the drawings are a diagrammatic presentation of the construction work required…
General Concepts 3 min read
The Interior Environment
Architects have long been leaders in building design that is sensitive to environmental issues. Several areas of general concern for…