Introductions 18 min read
Introduction to Plant Management and Economics
COST OF EQUIPMENT The cost of equipment may be obtained in two ways: (a) by estimation and (b) the purchased…
EXPLORE THE FIELD
Category: Introductions.
Discover thoughtful articles, guides and ideas about this topic.
← Explore all topics Introductions 33 min read
Introduction to Miscellaneous
STARTUP Any plant operation can be divided into three types of operating steps, namely, startup, production, and shutdown. Startup and…
Introductions 29 min read
Instrumentation and Control in a Refinery
13.1 CONTROL HARDWARE Modern chemical plants are automatically controlled with the objective of achieving the highest productivity with minimum human…
Introductions 4 min read
Introduction to Reactor Calculations
REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in which reactions are carried out to…
Introductions 8 min read
Introduction to Extraction
EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous solution and a third liquid is…
Introductions 12 min read
Distillation and Stripping
PROCESSES OF DISTILLATION AND STRIPPING Distillation is a process in which more volatile substances in a mixture are separated from…
Introductions 14 min read
Introduction to Material and Energy Balances
MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil is received in tanks and the…
Introductions 22 min read
Introduction to Offsite Facilities, Power and Utilities
LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists of various plants and equipment suitably…
Introductions 14 min read
Introduction to Lubricating Oil and Grease
COMPONENTS OF FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS The use of animal fats to reduce friction and wear and tear of mechanical parts…
Introductions 38 min read
Introduction to Processing Operations in a Petroleum Refinery
CRUDE OIL RECEIVING In a refi nery, crude oil is received and stored in a fl oating roof tank. The…
Introductions 33 min read
Introduction to Crude Petroleum Oil
COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL The compounds in crude petroleum oil are essentially hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons in which the major…
Introductions 29 min read
Introduction to Petroleum Products and Test Methods
CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS Crude petroleum oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon gases, methane, ethane, propane, and butane, are…