Physical Chemistry

Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

A fever is often the first visible sign of someone developing an The word ‘thermometer’ has two roots: meter denotes…

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Covalent bonds and valence

The water molecule always has a composition in which two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen. Why? The Lewis structure…

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The mechanical equivalence of work and energy

Two of the architects of modern thermodynamics were William Thompson (better known as Lord Kelvin) and his friend James Prescott…

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