Basics 3 min read
The Mechanics of Human Breathing
Boyle’s Law is the gas law that states that in a closed space, pressure and volume are inversely related. As…
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Basics 6 min read
Gas Pressure and Respiration
The respiratory process can be better understood by examining the properties of gases. Gases move freely, but gas particles are…
Basics 6 min read
Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
The structure of the lung maximizes its surface area to increase gas diffusion. Because of the enormous number of alveoli…
Basics 5 min read
Lungs: Bronchi and Alveoli
The end of the trachea bifurcates (divides) to the right and left lungs. The lungs are not identical. The right…
Basics 8 min read
The Respiratory System
Figure 20.1. Lungs, which appear as nearly transparent tissue surrounding the heart in this X-ray of a dog (left), are…
Basics 12 min read
Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
For a muscle cell to contract, the sarcomere must shorten. However, thick and thin filaments—the components of sarcomeres—do not shorten.…
Basics 5 min read
Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Muscle cells are specialized for contraction. Muscles allow for motions such as walking, and they also facilitate bodily processes such…
Basics 6 min read
Types of Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are further classified into six different categories on the basis of the shape and structure of the joint.…
Basics 6 min read
Joints and Skeletal Movement
The point at which two or more bones meet is called a joint, or articulation. Joints are responsible for movement, such as…
Basics 5 min read
Growth of Bone
Long bones continue to lengthen, potentially until adolescence, through the addition of bone tissue at the epiphyseal plate. They also…
Basics 2 min read
Intramembranous & Endochondral Ossification
Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the formation of the…