Cell Biology 3 min read
Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells
All prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region, DNA and RNA as their genetic material, ribosomes that make proteins, and cytoplasm that contains…
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Cell Biology 5 min read
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell Definition Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Organisms within the…
Cell Biology 4 min read
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the life cycle of a cell. During this cycle, it grows and divides. Checkpoints exist between all stages…
Cell Biology 2 min read
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell Definition Eukaryotic cells are cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, and are enclosed by a plasma membrane. Organisms…
Cell Biology 3 min read
Cell Structure and Function
All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of life and all tissues and organs are…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Coupled Reactions
Two or more reactions in a cell sometimes can be coupled so that thermodynamically unfavorable reactions and favorable reactions are…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states that the universe (i.e. all systems) tend to the greatest degree of randomization. This…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
First Law of Thermodynamics
Stated simply; The total energy of the universe does not change. This does not mean that the form of the…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
Kinetic Isotope Effects
The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is a phenomenon associated with isotopically substituted molecules exhibiting different reaction rates. Isotope effects such as KIEs are…
Bioorganic Chemistry 5 min read
Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Products
Kinetic products form the fastest. They usually occur at or below 0°C. This is also known as the 1,2-adduct because…
Bioorganic Chemistry 4 min read
The Principle of Microscopic Reversibility
The principle of microscopic reversibility applies to any molecular process; it is inferred from the fact that such processes can…
Bioorganic Chemistry 3 min read
Definition of a Reaction Intermediate
What exactly is a reaction intermediate? A reaction intermediate is formed from the reactants in a chemical reaction, and reacts further to…