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Automatic Flight Control Systems 20 min read

Introduction to Fundamentals of GNSS-Aided Inertial Navigation

GNSS-aided inertial navigation is a core technology in aerospace applications from military to civilian. It is the product of a conﬂuence of disciplines, from those in engineering to the geodetic sciences and it requires a familiarity with numerous concepts within each ﬁeld in order for its application to be understood and used effectively. Aided inertial navigation systems require the use of kinematic, dynamic and stochastic modeling, combined with optimal estimation techniques to ascertain a vehicle’s navigation state (position, velocity and attitude). Moreover, these models are employed within different frames of reference, depending on the application. The goal of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the relevant fundamental concepts. Background Modeling motion The goal of a navigation system is to determine the state of the vehicle’s trajectory in space relevant to guidance and control. These are namely its position, velocity and attitude at any time. In inertial navigation, a vehicle’s path is modeled…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 51 min read

Introduction to ATM systems and Wind Farms

Air safety includes all the rules and processes that enable commercial and cargo aeroplanes to fly safely across the European Union. It includes rules on aircraft construction and use, infrastructure safety, data management and analysis, flying operations, and cargo. Air safety management aims to spot potential accidents and incidents before they occur. It is not the same as air security, which seeks to prevent voluntary illegal and harmful acts in the field of aviation. The wind is an increasingly important source of energy, but negative impact on air transport is in area of Air Traffic Services. Communication Navigation and Surveillance systems are endangered with big wind farms. Primary problem is in radar system and is detailed described in my text. The potential impacts of …

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 41 min read

Introduction to Legal aspects of Air traffic management based on satellite navigation

“Air Traffic Control’s primary objective is to ensure flight safety: pilots in their cockpit are to a large extent « blind » to the exterior world and, given the aircraft speed and trajectory complexity, it is necessary to control them from the ground in order to make sure that of course there are no accidents, but also to ensure the overall fluidity and efficiency of traffic flows. Air Traffic Control (ATC) is based on two main pillars: “surveillance”, which enables ground operators to know precisely where the aircraft are, and the “controller”, who manages the safety of flights .Ever since the implementation of radars in the 70s-80s as surveillance means, air traffic control has not evolved much: ATC is essentially “craftsmanship”, and relies entirely on the controllers’ individual capability to handle always more traffic. Even though air transport has exceptionally good reliability and safety records, to a large extent thanks to the high quality of work performed by air traffic…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 28 min read

Introduction to Development of a Time-Space Diagram to Assist ATC in Monitoring

Continuous Descent Approaches Continuous Descent Approaches (CDA) have shown to result in considerable reductions of aircraft noise during the approach phase of the ﬂight (Erkelens, 2002). Due to uncertainties in aircraft behaviour, Air Trafﬁc Control (ATC) tends to increase the minimum spacing interval in these approaches, leading to considerable reductions of runway capacity (Clarke, 2000). To enable the application of such procedures in higher trafﬁc volumes, research has advanced in the creation of airborne tools and 4-dimensional prediction algorithms. Little research has addressed the problem of sequencing and merging aircraft in such an ap- proach, however. In this chapter we present the Time-Space Diagram (TSD) display that shows the aircraft along-track distance to the runway versus the time. On this display, the in-trail separation is presented as the horizontal distance between two predictions. It is hy- pothesised that this display will enable the air trafﬁc controller to meter, sequence and merge aircraft ﬂying a CDA at higher trafﬁc volumes. In this chapter, the TSD will be introduced and the effects of various common separation techniques on the predictions of the display are discussed in detail. The display is currently being evaluated by actual air trafﬁc controllers in a simulated trafﬁc scenario to provide an initial validation of the design. Problem statement ATC in CDA procedures According to Annex 11 to the Convention on Civil Aviation (ICAO, 2003), the primary goal of ATC is to provide service for the purpose of safe, orderly and expeditious ﬂow of trafﬁc. In approach control, this task can be described as minimising delays while maintaining suf- ﬁcient separation between the aircraft. During the TDDA, the in-trail distance between two approaching aircraft should therefore reach, but not go below, the minimal distance required. To achieve this, the primary tool common to all approach controllers is the two-dimensional…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Aircraft Systems and Instruments 55 min read

Introduction to Investigating requirements for the design of a 3D weather visualization environment for air traffic controllers

This chapter involves a long-term investigation into the applicability of three-dimensional (3D) interfaces for Air Traffic Control Officers (ATCOs). This investigation is part of collaboration between EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre (EEC) and the Norrköping Visualization and Interaction Studio (NVIS) of Linköping University in which a test-bed was developed in order to evaluate the different features of a 3D interface for ATCOs. This test- bed, known as the 3D-Air Traffic Control (3D-ATC) application, provides controllers with a detailed semi-immersive stereoscopic 3D representation of air traffic. Different aspects of the 3D-ATC application include 3D visualization and interactive resolution of potential conflict between flights (Lange et al., 2006), a voice command interface for visualizing air traffic (Lange et al., 2003), and interactive 3D weather images (Bourgois et al., 2005). Among these various features, the 3D weather visualization was chosen as a first case for carrying out a more accurate users’ study. Weather is considered as one …

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 84 min read

Introduction to Time-based Spaced Continuous Descent

Approaches in busy Terminal Manoeuvring Areas Mitigation of aircraft noise for approaching aircraft is an area where considerable improve- ments are still possible through the introduction of noise abatement procedures, such as the Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) (Erkelens, 2000). One of the main issues when imple- menting CDAs is their negative effect on runway throughput, especially during busy oper- ations in daytime. A reduction in landing time intervals might be achieved through precise inter arrival spacing. The combination of aircraft performing the CDA controlled by precise spacing algorithms is seen as one of the solutions to safely increase runway throughput, re- duce delay times for arriving aircraft, and reducing fuel burn, emissions and noise impact (De Gaay Fortman et al., 2007; De Leege et al., 2009; De Prins et al., 2007). The main algorithms used in these researches are all based on the Flap/Gear Scheduler (FGS) developed by Koeslag (2001) and improved by In ‘t Veld et al. (2009). The FGS is evaluated in these researches to investigate the effects of different ﬂight path angles, different types of aircraft, different aircraft weight conﬁgurations and different wind conditions on FGS perfor- mance. The FGS is also combined with time and distance based spacing algorithms to ensure proper spacing between aircraft in arrival streams. There are more spacing algorithms developed to control the Time-based Spaced CDA (TSCDA),…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 76 min read

Introduction to The potential of some of the innovative operational procedures for increasing the airport landing capacity

Despite continuous efforts by the air transport system operators, regulators, and researchers (academic and consultants), the problem of providing sufficient airport runway capacity to match continuously growing demand safely, efficiently, and effectively has had rather limited success. A[art from growing demand, the specific environmental (mainly noise) constraints at many large airports both in US and Europe have prevented the full utilization of the designed runway capacity. The sharp concentration of atms (air transport movements) (one atm corresponds to one landing or one take off) within the rather short time periods at the hub airports due to operating the hub-and-spoke networks has created sharp peaks causing further already existing imbalance between demand and the available runway capacity. At some other airports one of which is, for example New York La Guardia airport (US), a high demand/capacity imbalance has been created simply because of their attractiveness and not primarily due the type of airline scheduling practice. In addition, specifically in the US, the operation of airports under IMC (Instrument Meteorological Conditions) and VMC (Visual…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 69 min read

Introduction to Link Capacity Dimensioning

Model of ATS Ground Voice Network Apart from a number of new technologies which are currently implemented in air traffic control for the exchange of messages the ground/ground (G/G) voice communication is still very significant and is currently irreplaceable. The problem regarding introduction of new technologies that would replace voice communication lies in insufficient development and linking of very expensive ATM (Air Traffic Management) systems that have been already in implementation for a number of years. The best indicator showing this is the implementation of MFC (Multi Frequency Coding) standard which is still being implemented in the majority of Eurocontrol member countries.…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 20 min read

Introduction to Stability of switched stochastic nonlinear systems

Hybrid systems are digital real-time systems which are embedded in analog environment. Analog part of the hybrid system is described with differential equations and discrete part of the hybrid systems is an event driven dynamics which can be described using concept from discrete event systems (Cassandras & Lafortune, 2008) and (Tabuada, 2009). In this paper we will consider the switched systems which can be viewed as higher-level abstraction of hybrid systems (Liberzon, 2003) and (Sun & Ge, 2005).We model each subsystem of a switched system by differential equation. There are two ways for analysis of stability of switched deterministic systems. The first one is a construction of common Lyapunov function. Find the common Lyapunov functions is a difficult task (Narendra & Balakrishnan, 1994). The second one utilizes multiple Lyapunov functions for analysis of switched systems (Branicky, 1998). In this paper we will consider a stability of switched stochastic systems. We assume that (i) there is no jump in the state at switching instants and (ii) there is no Zeno behaviour, i.e. there is finite number of switches…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Air Traffic Control 60 min read

Introduction to Dynamic Airspace Management

Models and Algorithms Global air transport has been growing for decades and is expected to continue increasing in the future. The development of the air transport system has signiﬁcantly increased the demands on airspace system resources. During the past several years, the operational concept of Dynamic Airspace Management has been developed to balance the mushrooming demands and limited airspace resources. The Dynamic Airspace Management is an important approach to extend limited airspace re- sources by using them more efﬁciently and more ﬂexibly. Under the Dynamic Airspace Man- agement paradigm, the national airspace is administrated as a uniﬁed resource with tempo- rary utilization clearances assigned to various airspace users on demand and reclaimed at the end of the utilization period. The structure of airspace can be changed as well if needed. The airspace system typically has civil users and military users. In China, for example, most of the airspace is administrated by the military except for a few air routes reserved for civil avi-…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Aircraft Systems and Instruments 2 min read

Altimeter

Description A barometric altimeter consists of a barometric capsule linked to a pointer by a suitable mechanical or electronic system.…

Jul 21, 2021↗

Aircraft Systems and Instruments 1 min read

Machmeter

Article Information Category: Flight Technical Content source: SKYbrary Content control: SKYbrary Definition A machmeter is an instrument which provides an…

Jul 21, 2021↗