Nature of thermodynamic functions
The properties of a thermodynamic system depend on variables which are measurable and change in values when the state of the system changes. These variables are classified as state variables…
Thermodynamics: Work, heat and energy
Work, heat and energy In order to formulate the laws of 1 Torr = 1 mm of Hg thermodynamics it becomes necessary to know the properties and nature of work (w) heat…
Thermodynamics: State functions of a system
State functions State of a system A system is said to be in a particular physical state when specific values of the macroscopic properties of the system are known. For…
Basic concept of Demi water used in industrial application and equipment
Water without minerals such as, salt etc. called de-mineralized water or demi water or de-ionized water. With low mineral content, demi water has some changed expected properties such low conductivity,…
Cutlery
Cutlery, cutting implements, such as knives, razors, and scissors, used for industrial, commercial, and domestic purposes. History Prehistoric implements used for cutting, hunting, and defense were fashioned from stone, especially flint; from obsidian,…
Bran
Bran, the edible broken seed coat, or protective outer layer, of wheat, rye, or other cereal grain, separated from the kernel. In flour processing, the coarse chaff, or bran, is removed from the ground kernels by sifting or…
Specific gravity
a substance to that of a standard substance. hydrometerHydrometer used to measure the specific gravity of wine. The usual standard of comparison for solids and liquids is water at 4 °C (39.2 °F), which has a…
Grinding
Sandpapers Sandpapers (coated abrasive) are the next most significant abrasive product. They consist, basically, of a single layer of abrasive particles held to a flexible backing material by an adhesive bond. The…
Electrical discharge
Animal communication Animal communication, process by which one animal provides information that other animals can incorporate into their decision making. The vehicle for the provision of this information is called a signal. The…
Types of electromagnetic-radiation sources
Broadband-light sources Although flames and discharges provide a convenient method of excitation, the environment can strongly perturb the sample being studied. Excitation based on broadband-light sources in which the generation of the…
