Abnormal Colligative Properties
The experimental values of colligative properties in most of the cases resemble closely to those obtained theoretically by their formula. However, in some cases experimental values of colligative properties differ…
Enthalpy of neutralisation
The enthalpy change of neutralisation is defined as the enthalpy change accompanied by the complete neutralisation of one gram - equivalent amount of a strong acid by a gram-equivalent amount of strong…
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES
Obtaining work from two thermal sources at different temperatures is used to produce movement, for example, in thermal engines or alternators used in the generation of electrical energy. Performance is the main parameter…
Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
To define a temperature scale that does not depend on the thermometric property of a substance, Carnot principle can be used since the Carnot engine efficiency does not depend on…
Thermodynamics: Difference between Irreversible and Reversible process
Reversible process. In a reversible process the series of changes carried out on the system during its transformation from initial to final state may be possibly reversed in an exact manner.…
INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules of the system with respect to the center of mass of…
Thermodyanamic processes
A thermodynamic (physical or chemical) process may be defined as the pathway of series of intermediate changes that occur when a system is changed from initial to final state. Processes…
Dynamic Equilibrium: Characteristics, Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
Dynamic Equilibrium When a reversible reaction attains equilibrium it appears that the concentrations of individual reactants and that of the products remain constant with time. Apparently, the equilibrium appears as…
Thermochemical equations
A balanced chemical equation together with standard conventions adopted and including the value ∆H of the reaction is called a thermochemical equation. The following conventions are necessarily adopted in a thermochemical…
