Heat of Reaction
The Heat of Reaction (also known and Enthalpy of Reaction) is the change in the enthalpy of a chemical reaction that occurs at a constant pressure. It is a thermodynamic unit of…
Latent and Sensible Heat
Latent heat is the energy absorbed by or released from a substance during a phase change from a gas to a liquid or a solid or vice versa. If a…
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION OF STATE
The van der Waals equation was proposed in the year 1873. It was a first step towards taking into account interaction forces which are acting between real gases molecules. The…
Equation of state for non-ideal gases
The P-V-T relationship for real gas needs modification of ideal gas laws. 1) Compressibility factor The compressibility factor Z is a correction term to the ideal gas laws. PV=ZRT, z : compressibility factor…
Properties of Pure Substances
Let us consider a system in a particular state. A change of state can take place due to energy transfer across the boundary of the system or by removal of…
Entropy and efficiency limits
The concept of entropy was first introduced in 1850 by Clausius as a precise mathematical way of testing whether the second law of thermodynamics is violated by a particular process. The test…
Heat capacity and internal energy
The goal in defining heat capacity is to relate changes in the internal energy to measured changes in the variables that characterize the states of the system. For a system…
Factors influencing reaction rates
There are number of factors which influence the rate of the reaction. These are : o Nature of the reactants and products o Concentration of the reacting species o Temperature of the system…
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM
We have various forms of energies such as kinetic energy (Ekin), potential energy (Epot), internal energy (U), work W, heat Q and so on. The conservation of energy provides us…
Characteristics of Equilibrium constant
1. The Keq (Kc or Kp) values do not depend on the initial concentrations of reactants but depend only on the equilibrium concentration values. 2. When Keq values are greater than unity, the equilibrium is…
