Elastic response is due to applied loads but plastic behavior can be below and above yield stress.
Creep rate depends on the composition of the concrete and environmental conditions.
Similar to steel, concrete multi-storey buildings can either consist of portal frames or braced frames that depend on bracing or diaphragms with concrete core walls for lateral stability. However, for multi-storey buildings, lateral stability has several requirements:
1. Stiff horizontal diaphragms must need to be used with core walls, such as constructing floors with insitu reinforced concrete. Concrete core walls (with a minimum thickness of 200mm for steel reinforcement placement and concreting) can be in the form of lift shafts or the surrounding walls of staircases.
2. Bracing should be used throughout the height of the building, unless transfer structures are used.
The shear center should be coinciding with the point of where the resultant of overturning forces is.
