The torque equation T, for such a relay the current actuates the operating torque and the voltage actuates the restraining torque, with the usual spring constant K4.
Considering K2 to be negative (as it produces the restraining torque) and neglecting the torque component due to spring, the equation represents a circle in the R-X plane.
DISADVANTAGE OF IMPEDANCE RELAY
1. It is not directional.
2. It is affected by the Arc resistance
3. It is highly sensitive to oscillations on the power system, due to large area covered by its circular characteristic
