Disaster Management
Fire Fighting Strategies
Now we know all the constituents of a fire and various kinds of fire-extinguishers. If you have to…
May 1, 2021 · JacobAuthor: Jacob
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Machine Design II
Timing Belts
Belt drives have a major role in rotary power transmission. Just try to peep under the hood of…
May 1, 2021 · JacobMaterial Science
Corrosion and Degradation of Materials
Corrosion of Metals The corrosion resistance of metals and alloys is a basic property related to the easiness with which these materials react with a given environment. Corrosion is a natural process that seeks to reduce the binding energy in metals. The end result of corrosion involves a metal atom being oxidized, whereby it loses one or more electrons and leaves the bulk metal. The lost electrons are conducted through the bulk metal to another site where they are reduced. In corrosion parlance, the site where metal atoms lose electrons is called the anode, and the site where electrons are transferred to the reducing species is called the cathode. Pure metals are used in many applications. Copper, for example, is used to make the wire which goes inside electrical cables. Copper was chosen because it can be drawn into long thin wires very easily (it is ductile) and because it is a good conductor of electricity. Pure aluminum can also be used in wiring. It is also used as a cladding material for aluminum alloy substrates. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first metals, gold and copper, until the end of the 17th century, some 7700 years, only 12 metals were known. Four of these metals, arsenic, antimony , zinc and bismuth , were discovered in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, while platinum was discovered in the 16th century. The other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilization was based.…
May 1, 2021 · JacobMaterial Science
Flame Hardening
Flame hardening is another procedure that is used to harden the surface of metal parts. When you use an oxyacetylene flame, a thin layer at the surface of the part is rapidly heated to its critical temperature and then immediately quenched by a combination of a water spray and the cold base metal. This process produces a thin, hardened surface, and at the same time, the internal parts retain their original properties. Whether the process is manual or mechanical, a close watch must be maintained, since the torches heat the metal rapidly and the temperatures are usually determined visually. Flame hardening may be either manual or automatic. Automatic equipment produces uniform results and is more desirable. Most automatic machines have variable travel speeds and can be adapted to parts of various sizes and shapes. The size and shape of the torch depends on the part. The torch consists of a mixing head, straight extension tube, 90-degree extension head, an adjustable yoke, and a water-cooled tip. Practically any shape or size flame- hardening tip is available. Tips are produced that can be used for hardening flats, rounds, gears, cams, cylinders, and other regular or irregular shapes. In hardening localized areas, you should heat the metal with a standard hand-held welding torch. Adjust the torch flame to neutral for normal heating; however, in corners and grooves, use a slightly…
May 1, 2021 · Jacob
Theory of Machines
Proell Governor
Proell Governor is a different type of governor in which the fly balls are connected to the spindle…
May 1, 2021 · Jacob
HVAC
How Air Conditioning Works
Air conditioning is the process of maintaining comfortable conditions inside a closed space. It controls temperature, humidity, air…
May 1, 2021 · JacobHVAC
Reciprocating Air Compressors
The name compression ring describes its function in the piston. These are sets of rings which can be…
May 1, 2021 · JacobMaterial Science
Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment is the controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing the product shape. Heat treatment is sometimes done inadvertently due to manufacturing processes that either heat or cool the metal such as welding orforming. Heat Treatment is often associated with increasing the strength of material, but it can also be used to alter certain manufacturability objectives such as improve machining, improve formability, restore ductility after a cold working operation. Thus it is a very enabling manufacturingprocess that can not only help other manufacturing process, but can also improve product performance by increasing strength or other desirable characteristics. Steels are particularly suitable for heat treatment, since they respond well to heat treatment and the commercial use of steels exceeds that of any other material. Steels are heat treated for one of the following reasons: 1. Softening 2. Hardening 3. Material modification Softening: Softening is done to reduce strength or hardness, remove residual stresses, improve toughness, restore ductility, refine grain size or change the electromagnetic properties of the steel. Restoring ductility or removing residual stresses is a necessary operation when a large amount of cold working is to be performed, such as in a cold-rolling operation or wiredrawing. Annealing — full Process, spheroidizing, normalizing and tempering austempering, martempering are the principal ways by which steel is…
May 1, 2021 · Jacob
Thermal Turbo Machines
Torque converter
Principle : Engine torque + reaction torque= Output turbine torque Oil is used as working fluid. Components of a…
May 1, 2021 · JacobEngineering Materials
Steel | Types and Manufacturing
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with carbon content upto a maximum of 1.5%. Most of the steel…
May 1, 2021 · Jacob