Fore Bearing and Back Bearing in Surveying
Bearings measured in the direction of progress of the survey are known…
Errors in Chain Surveying – Types and Causes
The errors formed in chaining can be either cumulative error and compensating error. The…
Incorrect Chain in Surveying – Error & Correction
If the chain that is employed for measuring length is not equal…
Direct Ranging
Direct ranging is the ranging conducted when the intermediate points are intervisible. Direct…
Levelling and Principle of leveling
Levelling may be defined as the art of determining the relative height…
Theodolite survey
The theodolite is the most precise instrument used for measurement of horizontal…


