Disruptions in the Immune System
A functioning immune system is essential for survival, but even the sophisticated…
Mucosal Immune System
The innate and adaptive immune responses compose the systemic immune system (affecting…
The Lymphatic System
Lymph is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains…
Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system has a memory component that allows for a…
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Unlike B cells, T lymphocytes are unable to recognize pathogens without assistance.…
Adaptive Immunity
The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to…
Innate Immunity
The vertebrate, including human, immune system is a complex multilayered system for…
Viruses and Disease
Viruses cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, ranging from…
Steps of Virus Infections
A virus must “take over” a cell to replicate. The viral replication…
Introduction to the Immune System and Disease
Figure 12.1 (a) This smallpox (variola) vaccine is derived from calves exposed…


