Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal…
Genetic Engineering
Using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism’s DNA to achieve desirable…
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA analysis often requires focusing on one or more specific regions of…
Gel Electrophoresis
Because nucleic acids are negatively charged ions at neutral or alkaline pH…
Manipulating Genetic Material
To accomplish the applications described above, biotechnologists must be able to extract,…
Introduction to Biotechnology
Figure 10.1 (a) A thermal cycler, such as the one shown here,…
Alternative RNA Splicing
In the 1970s, genes were first observed that exhibited alternative RNA splicing.…
How Genes Are Regulated ?
For a cell to function properly, necessary proteins must be synthesized at…
Translation
The synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic…


