METHODS OF CONTOURING
Contouring needs the determination of elevation of various points on the ground…
Mapping and Contouring
MAPPING After completing field work in chain survey and compass survey lot…
TOTAL STATION
It is combination of EDM instrument and electronic theodolite. It is also…
ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different…
Measurement of Vertical Angle
Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are…
Use of Theodolite
Theodolite is used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. For this the…
Parts of a Vernier Theodolite
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1…
Modern Tools of Surveying
Theodolite is an instrument which replaced compass and level. It can measure…
TYPES OF DIRECT LEVELLING
The following are the different types of direct levelling: (i) Simple levelling…
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A LEVEL
The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are…


