Radiography (Plain X-rays)
Despite the development of newer technologies such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasound imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plain film X-rays remain an important tool for the diagnosis of many disorders. In…
Gypsum Products
Gypsum is a cementitious material composed of at least 70% of CaSO4 - 2H2O by weight (Art. 4.6). It is a main ingredient of many building products. Gypsum board This…
Building Stones
Principal building stones generally used in the United States are limestones, marbles, granites, and sandstones. Other stones such as serpentine and quartzite are used locally but to a much lesser…
Angiography
Angiography is an X-ray technique used in the examination of the arteries, veins and organs to diagnose and treat blockages and other blood vessel problems. An interventional radiologist performs the procedure, known as…
Mammography
Mammography is a specific type of X-ray imaging that uses a low dose X-ray system (Figure 1)1 specially designed for creating detailed images of the breast known as mammograms (Figure 2)2. Mammography is…
MORTARS AND CONCRETES
Mortars Mortars are composed of a cementitious material, fine aggregate, sand, and water. They are used for bedding unit masonry, for plasters and stuccoes, and with the addition of coarse…
Limes
These are made principally of calcium oxide (CaO), occurring naturally in limestone, marble, chalk, coral, and shell. For building purposes, they are used chiefly in mortars. Hydraulic Limes These are…
Computed Tomography (CT)
Computed tomography (CT) scanners have been available since the mid-1970s and have revolutionized medical imaging. Today, millions of scans are performed worldwide every year for different clinical questions in a…
Building Materials
This section describes the basic materials used in building construction and discusses their common applications. As the world’s population increases and consumes more of the natural resources, it is incumbent…
Imaging using X-rays
When imaging with X-rays, an X-ray beam produced by a so-called X-ray tube passes through the body. On it’s way through the body, parts of the energy of the X-ray beam…
