Lightning Protection
Lightning, a high-voltage, high-current electrical discharge between clouds and the ground, may strike and destroy life and property anywhere thunderstorms have occurred in the past. Buildings and their occupants, however,…
Protection Against Water
Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, driven into the interior by a heavy rain, leaking from plumbing, storm surge, or seeping through the exterior enclosure, water…
Protection Against Earthquakes
Buildings should be designed to withstand minor earthquakes without damage, because they may occur almost everywhere. For major earthquakes, it may not be economical to prevent all damage, but collapse…
Structure of blood vessels
Blood vessels are key components of the systemic and pulmonary circulatory systems that distribute blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries that carry blood…
Wind Protection
For practical design, wind and earthquakes may be treated as horizontal, or lateral, loads. Although wind and seismic loads may have vertical components, these generally are small and readily resisted…
Protection Against Hazards
A hazard poses the threat that an unwanted event, possibly a catastrophe, may occur. Risk is the probability that the event will occur. Inasmuch as all buildings are subject to…
Viscometers – Capillary
Capillary Methods In capillary methods the test fluid is made to flow through a narrow tube as a result of hydrostatic or applied pressure. Capillary measurements are considered the most precise way…
Professional Ethics
The American Institute of Architects has formulated the following basic principles for guidance of architects: Advice and counsel constitute the service of the profession. Given in verbal, written, or graphic…
Management Of Disputes
Even in the best of relationships, disputes can arise between the client and architect, client and contractor, or architect and contractor, even though the architect and contractor do not normally…
Role Of Architect Or Engineer During Construction
After award of the construction contract, the architect or engineer generally continues to assist the client in relations with the contractor. Site Observation As part of their ongoing services during…
