Single Crystals
A crystal is a solid regular lattice of atoms, ions or molecules, formed by replicating a unit cell. These lattices can be categorized by symmetry into a number of crystal…
CRYSTALLIZATION
Crystallization is the process of forming solid material from a liquid solution or melt, where the solid material formed has crystalline (as opposed to amorphous) structure. A crystallization process generally has…
Internal Reflux Evaporation
The tray temperatures in our preflash tower, shown in Fig. 6.4, drop as the gas flows up the tower. Most of the reduced sensible-heat content of the flowing gas is…
Using a Tray Dryer to Investigate Convective and Conductive Heat Transfer
PRINCIPLES Tray dryers are one type of batch dryer, which also include fluidized-bed dryers, freeze dryers and vacuum dryers. Tray dryers use convective heat transfer to flow heated air over…
Cooling Tower
When a component is transferred from a gas phase to solution in a liquid phase, the latent heat associated with the condensation is evolved. In the operations where mass transfer…
Mass Transfer Distillation
Distillation is an operation in which the constituents of a liquid mixture are separated using thermal energy. The difference in the vapor pressure is responsible for a separation. Distillation, particularly important in petroleum refining…
Absorption and Stripping
In absorption (also called gas absorption, gas scrubbing, or gas washing), there is a transfer of one or more species from the gas phase to a liquid solvent. The species…
Filtration Process in the Petroleum Industry
Be it any industry, the process of filtration is an essential prerequisite. The same goes true for the petroleum industry as well. Petroleum industry deals in oil. It is found…
THICKENERS
Thickening is a process where a slurry or solid-liquid mixture is separated to a dense slurry containing most of the solids and an overflow of essentially clear water (or liquor…
Design and Optimization of Separators
Once oil and gas are brought to the surface, our main goal becomes that of transportation of the oil and gas from the wellhead to the refinery (for final processing).…
